Study from the University of Liverpool has recommended investing in dog owner education and facilities as a strategy to target physical inactivity and problems such as obesity in both people and their pets.

A study from the University of Liverpool has recommended investing in dog owner education and facilities as a strategy to target physical inactivity and problems such as obesity in both people and their pets.

In a review of scientific papers published since 1990, the researchers found that access to dog-friendly walking environments and better education about dogs' physical needs, could all motivate people to get out and take more exercise with their pets.

It is estimated that 40% of dog owners don't take their dogs for a walk. In the UK, almost a quarter of households own a dog, but less than half of adults meet the recommended level of 150 minutes a week of physical activity.

To find out how to motivate people to use dog walking as a form of exercise, the researchers from the University's Institute of Infection and Global Health reviewed 31 research studies from the UK, USA, Australia and Japan.

Among the most common findings was that dog owners have a varied understanding of how much exercise their dog needs. This affected how much they took their dog for a walk and this is something that could be addressed with education programs.

Similarly, people without access to high quality local areas that support dog walking, for example parks where dogs are allowed off-leash and poo-disposal facilities are provided, were less likely to walk with their dog and missed out on the associated health benefits.

Population health scientist, Dr Carri Westgarth led the study. She said: "It is easy to assume that people who own dogs are more likely to take exercise, but the reality can be very different. If all people who owned a dog walked with it every day, physical activity levels would be much improved, benefiting the health of both the owners and their canine companions.

"There are a large number of reasons why people do or don't walk their dog and it is worth considering how we can address this when designing strategies for reducing obesity, or when planning urban areas and public open space. Not being able to let their dog off the leash is a particular put-off."

The most striking but understandable finding was that the strength of the dog-owner bond is important -- owners who were highly attached to their dogs and felt that their dogs gave them support were more likely to walk with it.

Dr Westgarth said: "The study also found that some people are worried about their dogs' behaviour and may be less likely to take it out to the park -- potentially out of embarrassment or worry about how it might act -- but lack of walks may also be causing this bad behaviour, due to boredom, frustration or lack of socialisation.

"There aren't many studies in this area at the moment, but with such a large proportion of people having a dog, it seems that better education, facilities and improved relationships with our pets could be a great way for a large portion of the population to feel encouraged to exercise."

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Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by University of Liverpool. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

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Journal Reference:

1. Carri Westgarth, Robert M Christley, Hayley E Christian. How might we increase physical activity through dog walking?: A comprehensive review of dog walking correlates. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2014; 11 (1): 83 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-11-83

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University of Liverpool. "Education, dog-friendly neighborhoods could tackle obesity." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 26 August 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140826100849.htm>.

Vaccine researchers have developed a strategy aimed at generating broadly cross-reactive antibodies against the influenza virus: embrace the unfamiliar.

Vaccine researchers have developed a strategy aimed at generating broadly cross-reactive antibodies against the influenza virus: embrace the unfamiliar.

In recent years, researchers interested in a "universal flu vaccine" identified a region of the viral hemagglutinin protein called the stem or stalk, which doesn't mutate and change as much as other regions and could be the basis for a vaccine that is protective against a variety of flu strains.

In an Emory Vaccine Center study, human volunteers immunized against the avian flu virus H5N1 readily developed antibodies against the stem region of the viral hemagglutinin protein. In contrast, those immunized with standard seasonal trivalent vaccines did not, instead developing most of their antibodies against the more variable head region. H5N1, regarded as a potential pandemic strain, is not currently circulating in the United States and the volunteers had not been exposed to it before.

The results are scheduled for publication in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The key to having volunteers' bodies produce antibodies against the stem region seemed to be their immune systems' unfamiliarity with the H5N1 type of virus, says lead author Ali Ellebedy, PhD, postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Rafi Ahmed, PhD, director of Emory Vaccine Center.

Collaborators at University of Chicago and Mount Sinai School of Medicine contributed to the study.

"Our previous research led us to hypothesize that immune responses to the stem region are likely to be stronger after exposure to hemagglutinin molecules derived from flu viruses which the human population has been minimally exposed to," Ellebedy says.

Emory Vaccine Center researchers had found that several patients infected with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic flu strain developed broadly cross-reactive antiviral antibodies. In 2009, most younger adults had never been exposed to the H1N1 pandemic strain and thus had no immune cells producing antibodies against it.

But later, after that H1N1 strain started circulating widely in the population, it became part of the standard seasonal trivalent vaccine. When volunteers' immune responses to the seasonal vaccine were analyzed, most of the antibodies they generated reacted to the head region of hemagglutinin.

Immune cells that produce antibodies against the stem region are widely prevalent in humans, but at low levels, the team found. But the standard trivalent seasonal vaccine tends not to amplify them. This led the team to ask whether vaccination with something different enough, such as H5N1, would stimulate production of "anti-stem" antibodies.

"We had already performed a big H5N1 study back in 2008, so we went back and tested our hypothesis with some novel reagents that allowed us to dissect responses that are directed to the head vs. the stem regions," Ellebedy says.

The team analyzed levels of antibody directed against different parts of the hemagglutinin protein in 17 volunteers, before and after H5N1 vaccination. Anti-stem antibody levels rose an average of four-fold after the first H5N1 vaccination. After a booster shot, however, anti-head responses dominated while anti-stem responses were feeble.

The authors conclude:

"Our data indicate that most humans are capable of establishing a humoral immune memory that is specific to the conserved HA stem region…Overall, our data raise the important question of what would be the minimal 'concentration' of antistem antibodies required to provide in vivo protection. Therefore, it will be important in future studies to determine the quantity of HA stem-specific antibodies or memory B cells that would positively correlate with better clinical outcomes against influenza infections."

"Our findings delineate a potential vaccination strategy where H5N1 or H7N9 immunization could be used not only for immunologically priming the population to quickly respond to serious pandemic influenza threats, but also for generating broadly neutralizing antibodies against influenza in humans."

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Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Emory Health Sciences. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

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Journal Reference:

1. Ali H. Ellebedy, Florian Krammer, Gui-Mei Li, Matthew S. Miller, Christopher Chiu, Jens Wrammert, Cathy Y. Chang, Carl W. Davis, Megan Mccausland, Rivka Elbein, Srilatha Edupuganti, Paul Spearman, Sarah F. Andrews, Patrick C. Wilson, Adolfo García-Sastre, Mark J. Mulligan, Aneesh K. Mehta, Peter Palese, and Rafi Ahmed. Induction of broadly cross-reactive antibody responses to the influenza HA stem region following H5N1 vaccination in humans. PNAS, August 2014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414070111

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Emory Health Sciences. "Key to universal flu vaccine: Embrace the unfamiliar." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 25 August 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140825152554.htm>.

Update August 2014 - Questions & Answers on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS‐CoV)

Update August 2014 - Questions & Answers on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS‐CoV)

What is MERS-CoV?

MERS-CoV is a coronavirus (CoV) which causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), a severe respiratory disease, in humans. It was identified in humans in April 2012.

Sporadic human cases of MERS have occurred and continue to occur over a wide geographical distribution with the majority of cases reported from the Arabian Peninsula. Infections in dromedary camels also have been detected in a wide geographic distribution and appear to be widespread in some countries. Some human MERS cases are thought to be related to zoonotic transmission (transmission from animals to humans). In other cases human infections are either linked to health care settings or are unexplained. There is no evidence of sustained human to human transmission in the community but the clusters that have occurred in health care settings and households demonstrate that human to human transmission is possible.

So far, three patterns of infection have been reported by the World Health:

1. community acquired cases (the exposure sources remain unknown and are believed to include direct or indirect contact with animals, especially camels, or environmental source)
2. hospital acquired infections
3. infections acquired through close human to human contact (household).

MERS-CoV and antibodies to MERS-CoV have been detected in samples taken from camels. To date, MERS-CoV has only been isolated from dromedary camels* and humans, but the exact relationship between MERS-CoV infections in humans and animals remains unclear.

What are coronaviruses?

Coronaviruses are a family of RNA (ribonucleic acid) viruses. They are called coronaviruses because under an electron microscope the virus particle exhibits a characteristic ‘corona’(crown) of spike proteins around its lipid envelope. Coronavirus infections are common in animals and humans, and there is a history of coronaviruses crossing species and adapting to new hosts. There are many species and strains of coronavirus which have different characteristics, causing a range of clinical signs– from mild to severe disease – in humans and in different animal species.

MERS-CoV is genetically and biologically distinct from other known coronaviruses, e.g. the coronavirus causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in humans.

Why the concern?

MERS-CoV is considered by the WHO to be a serious public health threat to humans, because:

1. the infection can cause severe disease in humans
2. infection appears to be widespread in dromedary camels
3. coronaviruses may adapt to new hosts, and then become more easily transmittable between humans

For these reasons, it is important to prevent introduction of these viruses into the human population.

What is the source of MERS-CoV?

MERS-CoV is thought to have an origin in animals. Evidence suggests that MERS-CoV has adapted to camels and that camels are a host for the virus. However, not all community acquired cases of MERS-CoV had reported prior animal contact and it is unclear how these persons were infected. Therefore, investigations of human cases of MERS-CoV infection should continue to include gathering of information about potential sources of exposure, including other humans, camels (including certain raw products, such as raw milk and meat and secretions/excretions), other domestic and wild animals, as well as the environment, food and water.

The OIE together with its partner organisations, the WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and national animal health authorities of affected countries is closely following investigations which aim to better understand the epidemiological aspects of the disease, including its transmission and the potential relationship between human and animal infections with MERS-CoV.

Are animals responsible for MERS-CoV infections in people?

MERS-CoV has been isolated from humans and camels and recent studies suggest that camels are a source of human infections. Nevertheless, the exact relationship between MERS-CoV infections in camels and humans remains unclear. Joint human health and animal health investigations are needed to establish the source for human infections with MERS-CoV when not acquired from another human.

There remains the possibility that other animal species may be involved in the maintenance and transmission of MERS-CoV.

What is known about MERS-CoV in camels?

Between November 2013 and July 2014, Qatar, Oman and Kuwait have met their obligations to OIE by reporting that MERS-CoV has been identified in camels.

Other published studies have indicated that MERS-CoV and genetic material from MERS-CoV have been identified in camels in countries in the Middle East and North Africa; antibodies to MERS-CoV or a very similar virus have been identified in samples taken from camels in the Middle East and Africa. Similar strains of MERS-CoV have been identified in samples taken from camels and humans in the same locality and in some cases there has been an association between infections in humans and camels.

Serological studies suggest that antibodies to MERS-CoV have been detected with a prevalence range of 0-100% (varying within countries and between countries) in populations of camels in Middle East and African countries. This range of prevalence indicates the need to assess risk factors for infection between and within herds.

Infections with MERS-CoV have sometimes been associated with mild respiratory signs in camels, but this needs further investigation. Significant morbidity or mortality of unknown etiology should be investigated.

Evidence from MERS-CoV infections in camels suggests that infection has resulted in virus shedding for a limited period. The possibility for reinfection of camels cannot at this stage be excluded since immunity to infection is poorly understood. MERS-CoV has been identified in camels which have antibodies against the virus. The implications of these findings for management and control recommendations need further investigation.

To develop a more complete understanding of the potential role of camels (and other animals) in the epidemiology of MERS several types of investigation are needed:

• Comparative epidemiological studies, in all countries with significant camel populations, to determine the prevalence, distribution, and demographics of MERS-CoV infections in camels
• Studies to characterise the clinical and pathological effects and kinetics of virus shedding and immune response to MERS-CoV in experimentally and naturally infected camels
• Studies to assess risk factors and potential sources for camel infection and the relationship between camel infections and human cases of MERS
• Studies to assess the potential effectiveness of intervention measures aimed at reducing public health risk
• To conduct genetic analyses of both MERS-CoV and infected hosts from different geographical areas to gain better understanding of the properties of MERS-CoV and to monitor evolution of the virus
• To further assess diagnostic tests used for MERS-CoV surveillance in camels (and other animals) for the reliability of their results in these species.

OIE together with WHO and FAO reiterate the importance of the public health sector and the animal health sector working together to share data and design studies to develop a better understanding of the overall epidemiology of MERS.

Are other animal species involved?

Although genetically related viruses have already been detected in bat species around the world, and a fragment of viral genetic material matching the MERS-CoV was found in one bat from Saudi Arabia, current evidence does not indicate a direct link between bats and MERS-CoV in humans. More evidence is needed to directly link the MERS-CoV to bats or other animal species.

According to published literature other species of animals (including sheep, goats, cattle, water buffalo and wild birds) have tested negative for the presence of antibodies to MERS-CoV. However owing to the relatively small sample sizes the results of these studies cannot exclude infection in other animal species. Based on receptor studies other animal species have been identified as potential hosts.

In countries where MERS-CoV is present, studies to assess the presence of MERS-CoV in wild and other domestic species should be conducted to detect possible infection in other hosts.

It is important to remain open minded about all potential sources of exposure for humans and camels until more information is available.

How can camels and other animals be tested for MERS-CoV infection or previous exposure?

Serological tests detect antibodies produced by the host against the virus but do not detect the virus itself. Depending on the test that is used, the presence of antibodies may indicate previous exposure to MERS-CoV or a similar virus. Virus neutralisation is the most specific assay.

PCR (molecular) tests detect genetic material of the virus. Genome sequencing of the virus (parts of, or full genome) is the best way to confirm that the genetic material belongs to a MERS-CoV. Genetic data also provide important information about the evolution of the virus and how closely related MERS-CoV isolates are.

It is important that diagnostic tests used to detect MERS-CoV in animals are assessed for reliability of results when used in different animal species and when reported to the OIE.

Specific confirmatory molecular and serology diagnostic tests are now available for MERS-CoV. Positive results from screening tests should be confirmed using a confirmatory test. Processing of samples and laboratory testing should be conducted under appropriate biorisk management conditions.

What action should be taken when an animal is confirmed to be positive for MERS-CoV?

Infection by MERS-CoV in animals is confirmed by a positive detection of the virus or genetic material belonging to the virus in a sample taken from an animal.

OIE Member Countries are obliged to report a confirmed case of MERS-CoV in animals to the OIE, as an “emerging disease” with zoonotic potential in accordance with article 1.1.3 of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code. If MERS-CoV is identified in an animal this would not necessarily mean that the animal is a source of human infection. Detailed investigations are needed to understand the relationship between any animal cases and human cases, and whether a finding in animals would be significant for human infection.

Given the current situation there is no evidence to support the implementation of specific animal health measures following the detection of MERS-CoV in animals or herds. When MERS-CoV is identified in an animal or herd, precautionary public health measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of human infection in accordance with WHO’s guidance on the WHO website. OIE will regularly review its guidance based on the latest scientific information.

Is a vaccine or treatment currently available for MERS-CoV in animals?

There are no vaccines or treatments available for MERS-CoV in animals. Further research is needed to assess the likely effectiveness of intervention measures.

What is OIE doing? 

OIE is working closely with its partner organisations FAO and WHO to collate and share data to gain a better understanding about the disease situation in animals and to assess implications for animal and human health.

OIE has consulted its Ad Hoc Group on MERS-CoV Infections in Animals and the Ad Hoc Group on Camelid diseases to provide advice on the latest scientific information and to provide recommendations and guidance, including on priority research activities for the animal health sector.

The OIE is also working closely with its Member Countries to provide technical support and to encourage reporting of MERS-CoV detections in animals.

OIE develops and publishes international standards and guidelines on the prevention, control and surveillance of animal diseases including zoonoses (animal diseases transmissible to humans). These science-based standards provide guidance on the best control measures which should be applied, where appropriate, to allow control of infection in the identified animal source.

The OIE is the reference organisation for international standards relating to animal health and zoonoses under the World Trade Organization Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (SPS Agreement). Decisions related to safe trade in terrestrial animals and animal products must respect the standards, recommendations and guidelines found in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code.

For further information about public health implications visit the WHO website.

*In this text 'camel(s)' refers to 'dromedary camel(s)'.

Public health and animal health experts review knowledge on MERS-CoV

Public health and animal health experts review knowledge on MERS-CoV

Paris, 8 August 2014 - The OIE convened a high level scientific expert Ad hoc Group meeting on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in animals from 15 to 17 July in its Headquarters in Paris, in order to summarise the latest scientific data available and to provide guidance and recommendations to prevent and control the disease at the human-animal interface. The meeting welcomed public health and animal health experts from different countries.

MERS-CoV was first identified in humans in April 2012, causing a severe respiratory disease. Current outbreak investigations suggest that camels could be a source of human infections. Nevertheless, the exact route of transmission from camels to humans remains unclear.

Dr Bernard Vallat, Director General of the OIE, highlighted the importance of MERS-CoV due to its public health impact. He explained that since the apparition of the disease, the OIE had been in permanent consultation with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on this topic.

The Group exchanged their views on the current state of knowledge about MERS-CoV infection in humans and animals, and scientific data on the performance of diagnostic tests. To date, accurate serology and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests exist.

The criteria of surveillance of the disease in camels and other animal species were discussed, based on the current epidemiologic findings. The experts insisted on the fact that further evidence from epidemiologic studies is needed to better understand the behaviour of MERS-CoV infections in animals. They identified areas of priority for research studies in animals and collection of scientific data which will assist the development of appropriate animal health management measures and, when relevant, limit potential for further human infections.
The establishment of an OIE Reference Centre with expertise in MERS-CoV has been recommended in supporting further disease surveillance and research, as well as providing technical advice to the OIE Member Countries.

After proceeding to a science-based evaluation, the Group concluded that MERS-CoV in camels did not meet the criteria to figure in the OIE listed diseases. However, MERS-CoV is a serious public health concern with zoonotic potential and infection in animals must be reported to the OIE as an emerging disease.

The OIE will continue to work in close collaboration with the WHO and the public health sector and regularly update guidance to its Members and the public on this emerging disease.

Following the meeting, the OIE Q&A on MERS-CoV was updated reflecting the latest scientific knowledge. The new version is accessible here.

Economic losses due to important diseases of bovines in central India

6. Economic losses due to important diseases of bovines in central India - Dhananjay Singh, Sanjay Kumar, B. Singh and D. Bardhan
Veterinary World, 7(8): 579-585

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.579-585

 

Dhananjay Singh: Division of Livestock Economics, Statistics and Information Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India; drruchids@gmail.com

Sanjay Kumar: ARIS Cell/Computer Centre, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India;sanju01@rediffmail.com

B. Singh: Division of Livestock Economics, Statistics and Information Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India; bsingh@ivri.res.in

D. Bardhan: Division of Livestock Economics, Statistics and Information Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India; dwaipayanbardhan@gmail.com

Received: 18-03-2014, Revised: 27-06-2014, Accepted: 03-07-2014, Published online: 09-08-2014

Corresponding author: Dhananjay Singh, email: drruchids@gmail.com

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Abstract

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Aim: To analyze the factors associated with morbidity and mortality rates as well as to evaluate economic losses due to important diseases of bovines, viz. mastitis, HS and surra in Purvanchal Region of Uttar Pradesh.
Materials and Methods: A sample of 300 livestock owners were selected from each of five divisions of Purvanchal region of the state of Uttar Pradesh using multistage stratified sampling with simple random sampling without replacement at village level. The morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates due to different diseases were determined using standard statistical indices. Association between cattle morbidity and mortality rates and different factors was calculated by χ2 Test. The total economic loss due to diseases in bovines was worked out as sum of mortality loss, loss in milk yield and cost of treatment of affected animals.
Results: The overall morbidity rates of mastitis, HS and surra in cattle and buffaloes were 15.5%, 7.1% and 5.3%, respectively. The mortality and case fatality due to HS was found higher in the young calves as compared to the adults in case of both buffaloes and cattle. Mortality and case fatality due to surra was greater in the adult animals as compared to the younger ones in case of both buffaloes and cattle. Total losses due to mastitis per lactation in ND cow, CB cow and buffalo were INR 868.34, INR 1, 314.10 and INR 1, 272.36, respectively. Total losses due to HS per animal in ND cows, CB cows and buffaloes were INR 2, 355.78, INR 3, 228.52 and INR 4, 262.57, respectively. Total losses due to surra per animal in ND cow, CB cow and buffalo were INR 3, 328.18, INR 6, 193 and INR 9, 872.33, respectively.
Conclusion: The study thus revealed significant losses due to diseases in large ruminants on. There is thus ample scope for preventive measures to control the disease bovines.
Keywords: buffalo, cattle, disease impact, morbidity, mortality.

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References

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1. McInerney, John (1996) Old economics for new problems – livestock disease: Presidential address J Agril Econ. 47(3): 295-314.

2. Singh, B. and Prasad, S. (2008a) Modelling of economic losses due to some important diseases in goats in India, Agril. Econ. Res. Review, 21: 297-302.

3. Singh, B. and Prasad, S. (2008b) Economic evaluation of important cattle diseases in India, Indian Vet J, 85(11): 1207- 10.

4. Singh, R., Prasad. S. and Raghuvanshi, S. (2008) Economic evaluation of Mastitis in Bovine. In: Proceedings of 4th Convocation of Indian Society of Veterinary Surgery, at Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu- Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura.

5. Singh, B., Prasad, S., Sinha, D.K. and Verma, M.R. (2013) Estimation of economic losses due to foot and mouth disease in India, Indian J Anim Sci, 83(9): 964-970.

6. Singh, R. (1997) On a model for estimating losses due to Foot and Mouth Disease in India, J. Indian Soc. Agril. Statistics, 50 (2): 135-143.

7. Singh, B. and Prasad, S. (2009) A model assessment of economic losses due to some important diseases in sheep in India. Indian J Anim Sci, 79(12): 1265-68.

8. El-Yuguda, A-D., Baba, S.S., Ambali, A.G. and Egwu, G.O. (2013) Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants among domestic, small and large ruminants in the semi-arid region of North-eastern Africa, Vet World, 6: 807-811. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2013.807-811

9. Prabhu, M., Safiullah, A. and Md. Selvam, S. (2004) Evaluation of economic losses due to Foot and Mouth disease in bovines of Salem district, Agril. Econ. Res. Review, 17 (1): 77-84.

10. Shaheen, M.; Pampori, Z.A. and Shah, K.A. (2005) Studies on Foot and Mouth disease outbreaks in Kashmir, Indian Vet J, 82: 1212-1213.

11. Khan, M.I., Hussain, S.N., Bahadar, S., Ali, A. and Shah, I.A. (2008) An outbreak of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in goats in district Chitral, N.W.F.P., Pakistan, ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 3(2): 19-22.

12. Census India. (2011) Office of Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India, New Delhi.

13. Thirunavukkarasu, M. and Prabaharan, R. (1999) Impact of mastitis on dairy farms – An economic analysis, Cherion, 28(6): 188-194.

14. Singh, R. (2009). Economic appraisal of mastitis control programme in bovines. In: Proceedings of Winter School on 'Economic appraisal of livestock disease control projects', Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 12th Feb. – 4th March, 2009. p36-38.

15. Sharma, P.C., Jindal, N., Shukla, C.L., Mata, M.M., Narang, G. And Khokhar, R.S. (2007) Epidemiological observations on Hemmorhagic Septicemia in Haryana state, Indian Vet. J, 84: 144-146.

16. Dua, K. (2001) Incidence, etiology and estimated economic losses due to mastitis in Punjab and in India: An update, Indian Dairyman, 53(10): 41-47.

17. de Alwis, M.C. (1981) Mortality among cattle and buffaloes in Sri Lanka due to Hemorrhagic septicemia, Trop Anim Health Prod, 13(4):195-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02237925 PMid:6806955

18. Verma, S., Mahajan, N.K. and Malik, G. (2004) An epidemiological study on bovine H.S. in Haryana, Indian J Anim Res, 38(1): 14 -19.

19. Khan, A., Saddique, U. and Ahmad, R. (2006) Sero- surveillance of Hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes in district Malakand, NWFP, Pakistan, J Agr Biol Sci, 1(4): 11-14.

20. Farooq, U., Saeed, Z. and Khan, M. (2011) Sero-surveillance of Hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes in district Dera-Ghazi-Khan, Punjab, Pakistan, Pak. Vet J, 31(3): 254- 256.

21. Sasidhar, P.V.K., Reddy, Y.R. and Rao, B.S. (2002) Economics of mastitis, Indian J Anim Sci, 72 (6): 439-440.

22. Bardhan, D. (2013) Economic losses due to clinical mastitis in organized dairy farms, Indian J Dairy Sci, 66 (2): 168-172.

23. Ozsvari, L., Tilles, C.B., Fux, A. and Biro, O. (2003) The quantification of the economical losses caused by Staphylococcus aureus in a large-scale Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle farm, Acta-Agraria-Kaposvariensis. 7 (1): 1-8.

Influence of season, age and breed on prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in cattle of Tamil Nadu, India

5. Influence of season, age and breed on prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in cattle of Tamil Nadu, India - R. Velusamy, N. Rani, G. Ponnudurai, T. J. Harikrishnan, T. Anna, K. Arunachalam, K. Senthilvel and P. Anbarasi
Veterinary World, 7(8): 574-578

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.574-578

 

R. Velusamy: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; velupara@yahoo.com

N. Rani: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; ranivetpara@rediffmail.com

G. Ponnudurai: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; Ponnuvet@gmail.com

T. J. Harikrishnan: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; tjkrish@rediffmail.com

T. Anna: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; tanna@rediffmail.com

K. Arunachalam: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; hemacha@rediffmail.com

K. Senthilvel: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; kansen@rediffmail.com

P. Anbarasi: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; anbuvet@yahoo.com

Received: 20-04-2014, Revised: 24-06-2014, Accepted: 01-07-2014, Published online: 08-08-2014

Corresponding author: R. Velusamy, email: velupara@yahoo.com, Telephone: +91-9488957030.

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Abstract

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Aim: To assess the prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in cross-bred and indigenous cattle in relation to season, age and breed in Western part of Tamil Nadu, India.
Materials and Methods: A total of 2637 blood smears were screened for haemoprotozoan diseases and samples were received from the college hospital and veterinary dispensaries in Western part of Tamil Nadu, India. Blood smears were stained using Giemsa's technique and examined under oil immersion.
Results: Microscopic examination of blood smears revealed an overall prevalence of 16.64 %; of which theileriosis was 13 %, followed by anaplasmosis 2.64 % and then babesiosis 1.0%. Among the haemoprotozoan diseases, the prevalence of theileriosis was significantly (p<0.05) high during summer (14.4%), followed by moderate in monsoon (13.8%) and less in fair (11.5%) seasons. However, there was no significant seasonal influence on the prevalence of babesiosis and anaplasmosis. The data on influence of breed revealed that there was a significantly (p<0.05) high prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in Holstein Friesian (HF) and Jersey cross breeds than indigenous breed and the occurrence of these haemoprotozoan diseases was found to be high among the age groups of 2-7 years in cross-bred animals and below 2 years in indigenous animals.
Conclusion: The present study suggests that Western part of Tamil Nadu is highly endemic for theileriosis and occurrence of the disease was high during summer. Cross-bred animals aged 2-7 years are highly susceptible to these haemoprotozoan diseases than indigenous animals.
Keywords: anaplasmosis, babesiosis, cattle, prevalence, theilerisosis.

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Clinicophysiological, haematobiochemical and haemodynamic effect of propofol and ketamine with dexmedetomidine in urolithic goats

4. Clinicophysiological, haematobiochemical and haemodynamic effect of propofol and ketamine with dexmedetomidine in urolithic goats - Rohit Kumar, P. Kinjavdekar, Amarpal, H. P. Aithal, A. M. Pawde, A. Kumar, J. Singh, S. Khattri and D. N. Madhu
Veterinary World, 7(8): 566-573

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.566-573

Rohit Kumar: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; drrohits.singh@gmail.com

P. Kinjavdekar: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; p.kinjavdekar@rediffmail.com

Amarpal: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; dramarpal@gmail.com

H. P. Aithal: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; hpaithal@rediffmail.com

A. M. Pawde: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; abhimp@rediffmail.com

A. Kumar: Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India;vetamitchandan07@gmail.com

J. Singh: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; vet_jasmeetsingh@rediffmail.com

S. Khattri: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; siddharthkhattri@gmail.com

D. N. Madhu: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; madhu63vsr@gmail.com

Received: 09-04-2014, Revised: 17-06-2014, Accepted: 24-06-2014, Published online: 05-08-2014

Corresponding author: Rohit Kumar, email: drrohits.singh@gmail.com

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Abstract

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Aim: To compare clinicophysiological, haematobiochemical and haemodynamic effects of propofol and ketamine total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with dexmedetomidine in uraemic goats.
Materials and Methods: Prospective, randomized clinical trials were performed in sixteen clinical cases of urolithiasis in goats. After sedation with dexmedetomidine (2.5 µg/kg body wt) anaesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol in group Dexmedetomidine+Propofol (DP) and with ketamine in group Dexmedetomidine+Ketamine (DK). Continuous intravenous infusion (CII) was used with respective drug for maintenance of anaesthesia. Infusion rate was adjusted in response to positive reactions to surgical nociceptive stimulation performed during tube cystostomy procedure or by observing pedal reflex after completion of surgery till discontinuation of anaesthesia. Clinicophysiological, haematobiochemical and haemodynamic parameters were measured before treatment (baseline), after sedation and during anaesthesia. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data.
Results: Mean values of equipotent induction and maintenance dose in group DP were (2.50±0.37 mg/kg and 0.15±0.03 mg/kg/min) significantly lower (9.85±0.85 mg/kg and 0.54±0.07 mg/kg/min) than DK. Heart rate decreased significantly (p<0.05) up to the end of observation period after induction of anaesthesia with propofol. However, after induction of anaesthesia with ketamine HR improved at 15 min and onwards. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased significantly (p<0.05) at 15 min onwards up to the end of observation period in DP group. However, in DK group, MAP decreased non-significantly (p>0.05) up to the end of the observation period after induction of anaesthesia with ketamine.
Conclusion: Both drug combinations are suitable for induction and maintenance anaesthesia for one hour, with good analgesia and haemodynamic stability. However, treatment DP produced excellent sedation and muscle relaxation.
Keywords: dexmedetomidine, goats, ketamine, propofol.

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