Friday 2 January 2015

Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum antibody by ELISA and serum plate agglutination test of laying chicken

Research (Published online: 02-01-2015)
2. Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum antibody by ELISA and serum plate agglutination test of laying chicken - Md. Zulfekar Ali, Md. Mostafizer Rahman and Shirin Sultana
Veterinary World, 8(1): 9-14


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.9-14




Aim: Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is important avian pathogen responsible for chronic respiratory disease of chicken and turkeys, which result in large economic loss for the poultry industry. The objectives of this study were determination of seroprevalence of MG antibody of commercial layer chicken at laying period in selected areas of Bangladesh.
Materials and Methods: A total of 563 blood samples were collected randomly from selected commercial layer chickens at laying period during the period from July to December, 2013. Indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) and serum plate agglutination (SPA) test were performed to detect the presence of antibodies against MG.
Results: Of 563 samples, 64.47% and 56.13% showed an overall prevalence of MG antibodies in iELISA and SPA test respectively. Prevalence of MG was recorded the highest (69.63%) at 50-55 weeks of age compared with lowest (53.26%) at 56-61 weeks of age (p<0.05). Significant (p<0.05) effect of breed were observed in the seroprevalence of MG infection in layer birds in the present study. The overall, 68.77%, 63.74% and 59.37% prevalence were found respectively in sonali, ISA Brown and White leg horn. The prevalence of MG antibodies was the highest (70.13%) in December followed by November (68%), October (65.67%), August (63.46%), September (58.54%) and July (51.78%) month. The seroprevalence of MG antibodies was higher (69.63%) in most of the large flocks and lower (56.82%) in small flocks.
Conclusion: Therefore, might be suggested that the commercial layer farms should be routinely checked to monitor MG infection and the reactor birds should be culled since MG organism has the potential to transmit vertically. The correlation between MG antibody in month and flock size was not significant (p=0.359 and p=0.868, respectively).
Keywords: antibodies, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, layer chickens, seroprevalence.

Prevalence of Campylobacter species in milk and milk products, their virulence gene profile and antibiogram

Research (Published online: 02-01-2015)
1. Prevalence of Campylobacter species in milk and milk products, their virulence gene profile and antibiogram Shivani Modi, M. N. Brahmbhatt, Y. A. Chatur and J. B. Nayak
Veterinary World, 8(1): 1-8



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1-8




Aim: During the last decades, number of food poisoning cases due to Campylobacter occurred, immensely. After poultry, raw milk acts as a second main source of Campylobacter. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to detect the prevalence of Campylobacters in milk and milk products and to know the antibiotic sensitivity and virulence gene profile of Campylobacter spp. in Anand city, Gujarat, India.
Materials and Methods: A total of 240 samples (85 buffalo milk, 65 cow milk, 30 cheese, 30 ice-cream and 30 paneer) were collected from the different collection points in Anand city. The samples were processed by microbiological culture method, and presumptive isolates were further confirmed by genus and species-specific polymerase chain reaction using previously reported primer. The isolates were further subjected to antibiotic susceptibility assay and virulence gene detection.
Result: Campylobacter species were detected in 7 (2.91%) raw milk samples whereas none of the milk product was positive. All the isolate identified were Campylobacter jejuni. Most of the isolates showed resistance against nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and tetracyclin. All the isolates have three virulence genes cadF, cdtB and flgR whereas only one isolate was positive for iamA gene and 6 isolates were positive for fla gene.
Conclusion: The presence of Campylobacter in raw milk indicates that raw milk consumption is hazardous for human being and proper pasteurization of milk and adaptation of hygienic condition will be necessary to protect the consumer from this zoonotic pathogen.
Keywords: antibiotic susceptibility, Campylobacter jejuni, polymerase chain reaction, virulence gene

Sunday 28 December 2014

Therapeutic efficacy of different Hemodialysis prescriptions in canine azotemia

Research (Published online: 29-12-2014)
23. Therapeutic efficacy of different Hemodialysis prescriptions in canine azotemia Ekta Atul Thakkar and Rajiv V. Gaikwad
Veterinary World, 7(12): 1150-1156



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1150-1156




Aim: The aim was to determine therapeutic efficacy of different Hemodialysis prescriptions in canine azotemia.
Materials and Methods: Patients (n=9) with acute onset of renal dysfunction or chronic patients with superimposed acute factor (component) or patients with known chronic nature of the disease were dialyzed with Fresenius 4008S hemodialysis machine after jugular catheterization. Patients were randomly divided into two groups, one group (n=3) was dialyzed every day and second (n=4) was dialyzed on alternate days. The patients were evaluated for following parameters to compare the efficacy of the dialysis prescription: Urea reduction ratio (URR), creatinine reduction ratio (CRR), Kt/V, time averaged concentration of urea (TAC urea).
Result and Discussion: Increasing both dialysis frequency and duration is the superior dialysis schedule. Patient dialyzed every day with total processed blood volume 1.79 L/Kg for 4 h 26 min/session had the lowest TAC of 36.82 mg/dl, thereby was considered it as a better prescription.
Keywords: creatinine reduction ratio, hemodialysis, Kt/V, time averaged concentration of urea, urea reduction ratio.

Selenium status in cattle herds in Wallonia (Belgium): overview and health management

Research (Published online: 29-12-2014)
22. Selenium status in cattle herds in Wallonia (Belgium): overview and health management Youcef Mehdi, Jean-François Cabaraux, Jean-Luc Hornick, Louis Istasse and Isabelle Dufrasne
Veterinary World, 7(12): 1144-1149



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1144-1149




Aim: Monitoring was performed in order to determine the Selenium (Se) status of cattle herds in different agricultural areas in Wallonia (Belgium).
Materials and Methods: The study included 114 heifers and 184 cows (82 dairy and 102 beef cows) from 66 cattle farms situated in Wallonia. The Se status was assessed by measuring the glutathion peroxydase in red cells and converting it to the equivalent Se blood content.
Results: The average blood concentrations of Se were very low. The Ardennes region was an area where the lowest Se status was recorded. The highest levels of Se in dairy cows and beef cows were recorded respectively in the limoneuse region and Famenne areas. The Se content in beef herds was lower compared with that of dairy herds (35 vs. 56 μg/L, p<0.01).
Conclusion: On average over all the regions, 87% of animals were classified as deficient and only 13% of the animals were classified as adequate. The heifers from both dairy and beef herds in Wallonia exhibited a deficiency in Se classified as moderate to severe. The beef herds showed larger deficiencies compared with the dairy herds. Selenium deficiency can be prevented by ensuring adequate supplementation of deficient animals in Se deficient regions. An increased consumption of vitamin-mineral supplements, the use of Se-enriched fertilizers and ingredients containing high levels of Se can help to reduce or correct deficiencies recorded in cattle herds in Wallonia.
Keywords: cows, glutathione peroxidase, heifers, selenium deficiency.

Mineral deficiency predisposes occurrence of retention of placenta in crossbred

Research (Published online: 29-12-2014)
21. Mineral deficiency predisposes occurrence of retention of placenta in crossbred S. K. Sheetal, S. K. Choudhary and D. Sengupta
Veterinary World, 7(12): 1140-1143



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1140-1143




Aim: The present study was carried out to investigate the relationship between blood serum concentrations of macro and micro minerals and development of retention of placenta (ROP) in crossbred cattle.
Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out at Instructional Livestock Farm, Bihar Veterinary College and local Khatals in and around Patna. A total of 20 crossbred cattle (n=10 with normal expulsion of the placenta as control and n=10 with ROP) were selected in the present study. Blood samples were collected from these animals and serum was separated and stored in the deep freezer at 20°C till further analysis. The estimation of serum macro-minerals (Ca, P, Ca/P ratio) was done by Span diagnostic Kits (Surat, India) and trace minerals or micro-minerals (Zn, Cu, and Fe) were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer AAS 220). Mean values were compared between both the groups at 0 h (at parturition) and 12 h after parturition.
Results: The mean values of serum calcium and zinc were found significantly lower in cattle having ROP than control at both 0 h and 12 h after parturition. The mean values of serum Ca and P ratio obtained at 0 hour were significantly lower in ROP groups as compared to control groups and non-significant at 12 h. The mean values of serum inorganic phosphorus, copper and iron was found non-significantly lower in ROP cases as compared to control.
Conclusions: Macro and micro mineral deficiency such as calcium, iron, zinc and copper in blood serum may be predisposing factor for the occurrence of retention of placenta in crossbred cattle.
Keywords: cattle, macro and micro-mineral profiles, parturition, retention of placenta.

Prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis infestation in pigs of Meghalaya and its treatment

Research (Published online: 29-12-2014)
20Prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis infestation in pigs of Meghalaya and its treatment R. Laha, M. Das, P. K. Bharti, Suresh Kumar, A. Sen and A. Goswami
Veterinary World, 7(12): 1137-1139



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1137-1139




Aim: The aim was to study the prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis infestation in pigs of Meghalaya and to treat the infested pigs with the chemotherapeutic agent.
Materials and Methods: A total of 196 numbers of pigs were suspected for Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis infestation maintained in both organized and unorganized pig farms as well as pigs brought for slaughter to pig slaughterhouses of Meghalaya. Deep skin scrapings were collected from all these 196 numbers of pigs. The collected scrapings were digested in 10% potassium hydroxide separately and centrifuged. The sediment portions were examined under both low and high power of the microscope to find any mite. Except the infested pigs that were brought for slaughter, all other infested pigs were treated with ivermectin @ 300 μg/kg body weight (b.wt) subcutaneously.
Results: Of 196 numbers of suspected pigs, 21 (10.71%) numbers of pigs were found infested with Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis after microscopical examination of skin scrapings. Except the infested pigs that were brought for slaughter, all other infested pigs were treated successfully with ivermectin @ 300 μg/kg b.wt subcutaneously.
Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present study that sarcoptic mange caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis is very much prevalent in pigs whether maintained in organized farms, as well as pigs maintained in unorganized way in village conditions. Pig owners should not neglect this infestation as it has economic significance. Ivermectin @ 300 μg/kg b.wt subcutaneously has been found to be effective to treat this infestation.
Keywords: Meghalaya, Pig, Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis.

Friday 26 December 2014

Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens toxin genotypes in enterotoxemia suspected sheep flocks of Andhra Pradesh

Research (Published online: 26-12-2014)
19. Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens toxin genotypes in enterotoxemia suspected sheep flocks of Andhra Pradesh - N. Vinod Kumar, D. Sreenivasulu and Y. N. Reddy
Veterinary World, 7(12): 1132-1136



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1132-1136




Aim: To identify the Clostridium perfringens toxin genotypes prevailing in enterotoxemia suspected sheep flocks in Andhra Pradesh by using multiplex PCR.
Materials and Methods: Intestinal scrapings were collected from lambs below three months of age from flocks with similar management from different Districts of Andhra Pradesh, in India. A total of 208 samples were collected with 140 from enterotoxemia suspected flocks and 68 from healthy flocks. Following processing and culture of the samples, colonies were identified by morphological and biochemical tests. All the clostridial isolates were analyzed by multiplex PCR.
Results: C. pefringens were isolated from 97 out of 140 enterotoxemia suspected flocks (69.29%) and 27 out of 68 healthy flocks (39.71 %). Genotyping of the 97 iolates by multiplex PCR from enterotoxemia suspected flocks indicated C. perfringens type A, C and D 67.01% (65 out of 97); 11.34% (11 out of 97) and 21.65% (21 out of 97) respectively. Isolates from healthy flocks indicated the presence of type A and D 92.59% (25 out of 27) and 7.40% (2 out of 27) respectively. Number of isolates from enterotoxaemia suspected flocks were significantly high (P<0.001) than healthy flocks. Type A is found to be predominant in both enterotoxemia suspected and healthy flocks (67.01% and 92.59%).
Conclusions: Prevalence of C. perfringens type C was reported for the first time in India. Clostridium perfringens type D and type C were found to be the major causative types for enterotoxemia.
Keywords: Clostridium perfringes, enterotoxaemia, lamb mortality, multiplex PCR, Toxin typing.

Antioxidative capacity of vitamin E, vitamin C and their combination in cryopreserved Bhadavari bull semen

Research (Published online: 26-12-2014)
18. Antioxidative capacity of vitamin E, vitamin C and their combination in cryopreserved Bhadavari bull semen - Pawan Kumar Mittal, Mukul Anand, A. K. Madan, S. Yadav and J. Kumar
Veterinary World, 7(12): 1127-1131



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1127-1131




Aim: The aim was to determine the antioxidative capacity of vitamin E, vitamin C and their combination (vitamin E+C) on standard semen parameters i.e., mortality, percent live sperms, percent abnormal sperms and acrosomal integrity in cryopreserved Bhadawari bull semen.
Materials and Methods: Ejaculates collected from four Bhadawari bulls were evaluated and later pooled at 37°C. Pooled semen sample was divided into four equal parts viz. T-1,T-2,T-3 and C. The divided samples were diluted with a Trisbased extender containing the antioxidants vitamin E (5 mM) (T-1) vitamin C (5 mM) (T-2), vitamin  E+C combination (5 mM+5 mM) (T-3) and extender containing no antioxidants (control, C). The diluted samples with different antioxidant concentration were cooled to 5°C, frozen in 0.25-ml French straws and stored in liquid nitrogen (196°C). Frozen straws were thawed individually at 37°C for 20 s in a water bath for evaluation.
Results: Semen extender supplementation with vitamin E (5 mM), vitamin C (5 mM) and vitamin E+C combination caused significant (p<0.01) increases in the seminal attributes while significant (p<0.01) decreases was observed in percent abnormal sperms in comparison to control group indicating that supplementation of antioxidant in form of vitamin and their combination improves the quality of post thaw semen. Significantly higher values of semen parameters were observed in the T-3 followed by T-1 and T-2 indicating the anti-oxidative capacity of different supplements utilized during the study.
Conclusion: The results of present investigation concluded that combination of vitamin E+C has most profound effect in protecting sperms against reactive oxygen species production and cold shock when compared to vitamin E and vitamin C supplemented alone in the extender for semen dilution utilized for cryopreservation.
Keywords: antioxidants, Bhadawari bull, cryopreservation, semen, vitamin E, vitamin C.

Tuesday 23 December 2014

Assessment of the physical and mechanical properties of plaster of Paris bandage cast used as a splinting and casting materials

Research (Published online: 23-12-2014)
17. Assessment of the physical and mechanical properties of plaster of Paris bandage cast used as a splinting and casting materials - A. J. Parmar, S.K.Tyagi, V. S. Dabas, J. N. Mistry, S. K. Jhala, D. N. Suthar, R. H. Bhatt, D. V. Pansuria and I. M. Bhatti
Veterinary World, 7(12): 1123-1126



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1123-1126




Aim: To assess the physical and mechanical properties of plaster of Paris (POP) bandage cast used as a splinting and casting materials.
Materials and Methods: POP casts were divided into three Groups A, B and C with 2, 3 and 8 layer for POP bandage, respectively (n=6 in each group). Handling characters, technical easiness or difficulties, setting time, weight, diameter and thickness of the casts were recorded for different groups. The casts were mounted on universal testing machine and axial load was applied @ 10 mm/min until failure. The load deflection graphs were plotted. The maximum force at which failure of the casts occurred was recorded. Stress, strain, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and stiffness of casts were calculated.
Result: Construction of POP bandage cast was messy and required 45-60 min for hardening. 8 layer POP cast was comparatively heavier in weight and thicker in cross section than 3 layer cast followed by 2 layer cast. Under axial compression, the load bearing capacity of 8 layer POP casts was more than 2 and 3 layer cast.
Conclusion: The values of load bearing capacity, stress, stiffness and MOE of cast were the highest for 8 layer POP cast followed by 2 and 3 layer cast. Use if splints with POP cast is recommended due to its poor mechanical properties.
Keywords: axial load, cast, compression, physical properties, plaster of Paris bandage.

Semen quality parameters, their inter-relationship and post-washing sperm attributes of Rhode Island Red roosters

Research (Published online: 23-12-2014)
16. Semen quality parameters, their inter-relationship and post-washing sperm attributes of Rhode Island Red roosters - R. Richard Churchil, P. Ezhil Praveena and Deepak Sharma
Veterinary World, 7(12): 1117-1122



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1117-1122




Aim: The present experiments were conducted (a) to evaluate the semen attributes of older Rhode Island Red (RIR) roosters and the inter-trait relationships, (b) to test sperm washing and storage duration suitable for gene transfer experiments.
Materials and Methods: The semen characteristics of older RIR roosters were studied, and Pearson correlation analysis was done to demonstrate the inter-trait relationships. Progressive motility and percent live sperms were tested at different post-washing intervals to identify suitable sperm processing conditions for gene transfer experiments.
Results: The volume, appearance score, initial motility, sperm count and percent live and abnormal spermatozoa were 0.38 ml, 3.58, 80.34%, 4.03 × 109 sperms/ml, 83.18% and 4.52% respectively. Positive correlation was observed among appearance score, motility, live sperm and sperm count. Semen volume is negatively correlated with all the other characters except live sperms, whereas, percent abnormal sperms negatively associated with all the other traits. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in terms of motility and live sperm was recorded at 60 min post-washing.
Conclusion: The semen attributes of RIR roosters compares well with the other breeds of chicken. The appearance score can be used to assess fertility where microscopic evaluation facilities are limited. The sperm washing protocol tested in the experiment is suitable for gene transfer experiments.
Keywords: correlation, live sperm, post-washing motility, Rhode Island Red roosters, semen attributes.