Saturday 16 July 2016

Seroprevalence of human brucellosis in and around Jammu, India, using different serological tests

Research (Published online: 17-07-2016)
11. Seroprevalence of human brucellosis in and around Jammu, India, using different serological tests - H. K. Sharma, S. K. Kotwal, D. K. Singh, M. A. Malik, Arvind Kumar, Rajagunalan and M. Singh
Veterinary World, 9(7): 742-746



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.742-746



Aim: Brucellosis is a disease of zoonotic importance as it affects both human as well as animal’s health, and therefore, directly affects animal productivity and human efficiency. Therefore, a study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in humans in Jammu and surrounding areas.
Materials and Methods: A total of 121 sera samples from humans occupied with professional related to animals were collected and tested for anti-Brucella antibodies by Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), modified RBPT (mRBPT), standard tube agglutination test (STAT), and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA). Sampling was done keeping in view with the occupation, sex, and age.
Results: The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis recorded was 4.96%. The test-wise seroprevalence was 9.91% by RBPT, 9.91% by mRBPT, 9.09% by STAT, and 16.52% by I-ELISA. The prevalence of brucellosis was higher in >35-50 years age group compared to >20-35 years and >50-65 years. Sex-wise seroprevalence was higher in males than females. Taking I-ELISA as standard, the relative sensitivities of mRBPT, RBPT, and I-ELISA were in the order of mRBPT=RBPT>STAT. All the tests revealed high specificity values; however, among different serological tests, I-ELISA detected a maximum number of positive sera samples.
Conclusions: The prevalence of brucellosis was found to be approximately 5%. The adult (>35-50 years) age male group was most vulnerable. The routine diagnosis of brucellosis involved the conventional serological tests, viz., RBPT and STAT, but each was associated with drawbacks which could give either false-positive or false-negative interpretation. Therefore, it is always recommended to use a battery of tests in the diagnosis of brucellosis.
Keywords: brucellosis, humans, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Rose Bengal plate test, seroprevalence, standard tube agglutination test.

Friday 15 July 2016

Immuno-pathological studies on broiler chicken experimentally infected with Escherichia coli and supplemented with neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract

Research (Published online: 16-07-2016)
10. Immuno-pathological studies on broiler chicken experimentally infected with Escherichia coli and supplemented with neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract - Vikash Sharma, K. K. Jakhar and Swati Dahiya
Veterinary World, 9(7): 735-741



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.735-741



Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of neem leaf extract (NLE) supplementation on immunological response and pathology of different lymphoid organs in experimentally Escherichia coli challenged broiler chickens.
Materials and Methods: For this study, we procured 192-day-old broiler chicks from local hatchery and divided them into Groups A and Group B containing 96 birds each on the first day. Chicks of Group A were supplemented with 10% NLE in water, whereas chicks of Group B were not supplemented with NLE throughout the experiment. At 7th day of age, chicks of Group A were divided into A1 and A2 and Group B into B1 and B2 with 54 and 42 chicks, respectively, and chicks of Groups A1 and B1 were injected with E. coli O78 at 107colony-forming units/0.5 ml intraperitoneally. Six chicks from each group were sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post infection; blood was collected and thorough post-mortem examination was conducted. Tissue pieces of spleen and bursa of Fabricius were collected in 10% buffered formalin for histopathological examination. Serum was separated for immunological studies.
Result: E. coli specific antibody titer was significantly higher in Group A1 in comparison to Group B1. Delayed-type hypersensitivity response against 2,4 dinirochlorobenzene (DNCB) antigen was significantly higher in Group A1 as compared to Group B1. Pathological studies revealed that E. coli infection caused depletion of lymphocytes in bursa of Fabricius and spleen. Severity of lesions in Group A1 was significantly lower in comparison to Group B1.
Conclusion: 10% NLE supplementation enhanced the humoral as well as cellular immune responses attributed to its immunomodulatory property in experimentally E. coli infected broiler chicken.
Keywords: broiler chicken, Escherichia coli, immune response, neem leaf extract.

Wednesday 13 July 2016

Prevalence and risk factors associated with gastrointestinal nematode infection in goats raised in Baybay city, Leyte, Philippines

Research (Published online: 14-07-2016)
9. Prevalence and risk factors associated with gastrointestinal nematode infection in goats raised in Baybay city, Leyte, Philippines - Ariel Paul M. Rupa and Harvie P. Portugaliza
Veterinary World, 9(7): 728-734



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.728-734



Aim: Gastrointestinal parasitism is a serious constraint affecting goat production in the Philippines. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of gastrointestinal nematode infection in goat-populated barangays of Baybay City, Leyte.
Materials and Methods: A total of 81 households or farms were interviewed, and 450 goats were sampled for fecalysis. Fecal egg count along with egg morphological identification and coproculture for third stage larvae identification were conducted. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were carried out to determine the farm- and animal-level prevalence and risk factors.
Results: Fecalysis revealed the presence of strongyle and Trichuris spp. with a farm-level prevalence of 100% and 4.94%, respectively; and animal-level prevalence of 96.22% and 4.44%, respectively. The identified strongyle genera per barangay were Haemonchus spp. (34.79%), Trichostrongylus spp. (33.29%), Oesophagostomum spp. (24.21%), Cooperia spp. (6.93%), and Chabertia spp. (0.79%). Goats older than 12 months were four times more likely to present high strongyle burden when compared to goats <6 months. With each month increase in goat’s age, the odds of acquiring strongyle infection also increased by 1.07 times. Animals kept in goat house with cemented flooring have lower odds of acquiring strongyle (odds ratio=0.12). Goats raised for leisure purposes and fed with carabao grass (Paspalum conjugatum) were 8.12 and 5.52 times more likely to acquire Trichuris, respectively.
Conclusion: Most of the backyard goat raisers in Baybay City, Leyte, do not practice sound helminth control measures as shown by the high prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes. The most relevant risk factors for gastrointestinal nematode infection were the age of the goat, type of goat house’s flooring, purpose of raising goats, and feeding practices.
Keywords: goat, Haemonchus, Philippines, risk factors, strongyle, Trichuris.

Tuesday 12 July 2016

Effect of feeding cottonseed meal on some hematological and serum biochemical parameters in broiler birds

Research (Published online: 13-07-2016)
8. Effect of feeding cottonseed meal on some hematological and serum biochemical parameters in broiler birds - G. Thirumalaisamy, M. R. Purushothaman, P. Vasantha Kumar and P. Selvaraj
Veterinary World, 9(7): 723-727



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.723-727



Aim: The study was undertaken to find out the effect of feeding cottonseed meal (CSM) on performance of hematological and serum biochemical parameters in broiler birds.
Materials and Methods: A 6-week biological trial was carried out with 432-day-old Cobb 400 broiler chicks distributed to nine experimental diets with six replicates, each containing eight chicks. The experimental diets were formulated based on total amino acids (BTAA) or based on digestible amino acids (BDAA) with or without iron supplementation with two levels of CSM (2% and 4%) and control diet based on maize – soybean. The whole blood was subjected to hematological studies. The serum samples were analyzed for protein fractions and lipid profiles.
Results: The packed cell volume (PCV) value, red blood cell (RBC) numbers, and hemoglobin (Hb) were lower in iron unsupplemented CSM BTAA or BDAA diets than the control (33.86-35.54 vs. 36.41%, 2.78-2.87 vs. 2.98 × 106/μl, and 10.30-10.70 vs. 10.88%). Supplementation of iron in CSM diets improved the PCV, RBC numbers, and Hb, and the values were comparable to the control. White blood cell numbers, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb (MCH), and MCH concentration values were comparable to the control. The erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) was poor in birds fed diets containing up to 4% CSM BTAA or CSM BDAA without iron supplementation (32.02-32.57 vs. 28.77%). Supplementation of iron improved the EOF. The serum cholesterol level did not change with or without iron supplementation.
Conclusion: This study suggested that feeding of CSM BTAA or BDAA up to 4% level voiding iron supplementation lowers the hematological parameters, whereas supplementation of iron did not alter serum protein fractions and cholesterol profile; however, it had lowered some hematological parameters, which was rectified by iron supplementation.
Keywords: broiler, cottonseed meal, hematological and serum parameters, iron supplementation.

Monday 11 July 2016

A comparison of titers of anti-Brucella antibodies of naturally infected and healthy vaccinated cattle by standard tube agglutination test, microtiter plate agglutination test, indirect hemagglutination assay, and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Research (Published online: 12-07-2016)
7. A comparison of titers of anti-Brucella antibodies of naturally infected and healthy vaccinated cattle by standard tube agglutination test, microtiter plate agglutination test, indirect hemagglutination assay, and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - Anju Mohan, Hari Mohan Saxena and Puneet Malhotra
Veterinary World, 9(7): 717-722



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.717-722



Aim: We determined the antibody response in cattle naturally infected with brucellosis and normal healthy adult cattle vaccinated during calf hood with strain 19.
Materials and Methods: The antibody titers were measured by standard tube agglutination test (STAT), microtiter plate agglutination test (MAT), indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) as per standard protocols.
Results: The mean STAT titers were 1.963±0.345 in infected cattle and 1.200±0.155 in healthy vaccinated cattle. The difference was extremely significant (p<0.0001). The mean MAT titers were 2.244±0.727 in infected cattle and 1.200±0.155 in healthy vaccinated cattle. The difference was very significant (p<0.005). The mean IHA titers in infected cattle were 2.284±0.574, and those in healthy vaccinated cattle were 1.200±0.155. The difference was extremely significant (p=0.0002). However, the difference in mean iELISA titers of infected cattle (1.3678±0.014) and healthy vaccinated cattle (1.367±0.014) was non-significant. The infected animals showed very high titers of agglutinating antibodies compared to the vaccinated animals. However, it cannot be ascertained whether these antibodies are due to vaccine or response to infection. Since the infected animals had been vaccinated earlier, the current infection may suggest that vaccination was unable to induce protective levels of antibody. The heightened antibody response after infection may also indicate a secondary immune response to the antigens common to the vaccine strain and wild Brucella organisms.
Conclusion: The brucellosis infected animals showed very high titers of agglutinating antibodies compared to the vaccinated animals.
Keywords: antibody titers, Brucella, brucellosis, Brucella abortus S19 vaccine, bovine brucellosis.

Comparison of Surti goat milk with cow and buffalo milk for gross composition, nitrogen distribution, and selected minerals content

Research (Published online: 12-07-2016)
6. Comparison of Surti goat milk with cow and buffalo milk for gross composition, nitrogen distribution, and selected minerals content -Dhartiben B. Kapadiya, Darshna B. Prajapati, Amit Kumar Jain, Bhavbhuti M. Mehta, Vijaykumar B. Darji and Kishorkumar D. Aparnathi
Veterinary World, 9(7): 710-716



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.710-716


Aim: The study was undertaken to find out the gross composition, nitrogen distribution, and selected mineral content in Surti goat milk, and its comparison was made between cow and buffalo milk.
Materials and Methods: Goat milk samples of Surti breed and buffalo milk samples were collected during the period from July to January 2014 at Reproductive Biology Research Unit, Anand Agricultural University (AAU), Anand. Cow milk samples of Kankrej breed were collected from Livestock Research Station, AAU, Anand. Samples were analyzed for gross composition such as total solids (TS), fat, solid not fat (SNF), protein, lactose, and ash. Samples were also analyzed for nitrogen distribution such as total nitrogen (TN), non-casein nitrogen (NCN), non-protein nitrogen (NPN), and selected minerals content such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, and chloride. Total five replications were carried out.
Results: Goat milk had the lowest TS, fat, protein, and lactose content among all three types of milk studied in the presentinvestigation. On the other hand, the highest TS, fat, protein, and lactose content were found in buffalo milk. Buffalo milk had the highest SNF, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous content, which was followed by goat milk and lowest in cow milk. The SNF, protein, TN, and calcium content of goat milk were statistically non-significant (p<0.05) with cow milk. The lactose content of goat milk was significantly lower (p>0.05) than that of the cow milk as well as buffalo milk. The goat milk had the highest ash and NCN content, which were followed by buffalo milk and lowest in cow milk. However,the differences in ash, NPN, and phosphorous content of three types of milk studied, viz., goat milk, cow milk, and buffalo milk were found statistically non-significant (p<0.05). The NCN content of buffalo milk was statistically non-significant(p<0.05) with cow milk as well as goat milk. The NCN and magnesium content of goat milk were significantly higher (p>0.05) than that of the cow milk. The magnesium content of goat milk was statistically non-significant (p<0.05) with buffalo milk. The chloride content of goat milk was significantly higher (p>0.05) than that of the buffalo milk as well as cow milk.
Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that the goat milk has lower TS, fat, lactose, protein content, TN aswell as NPN but higher ash and NCN content compared to cow milk and buffalo milk. The goat milk has lower calcium, phosphorous compared to buffalo milk while it has higher calcium, phosphorous compared to cow milk, and it has higher magnesium, chloride content compared to cow milk and buffalo milk.
Keywords: gross composition, nitrogen distribution and mineral content, Surti goat milk.

Sunday 10 July 2016

Genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli associated with bovine mastitis in India

Research (Published online: 11-07-2016)
5. Genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli associated with bovine mastitis in India - Sangeetha Balakrishnan, Prabhakar Xavier Antony, Hirak Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Raghavan Madhusoodanan Pillai, Jacob Thanislass, Vijayalakshmi Padmanaban and Mouttou Vivek Srinivas
Veterinary World, 9(7): 705-709



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.705-709



Aim: The present study was undertaken to characterize the mutation in gyrA (DNA gyrase) and parC (topoisomerase IV) genes responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli isolates associated with the bovine mastitis.
Materials and Methods: A total of 92 milk samples from bovine mastitis cases were sampled in and around Puducherry (Southern India). Among these samples, 30 isolates were bacteriologically characterized as E. coli. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of fluoroquinolones of these 30 E. coli isolates were evaluated by resazurin microtiter assay. Then, the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) (gyrA and parC genes) of these E. coli isolates was genetically analyzed for determining the chromosomal mutation causing fluoroquinolone resistance.
Results: E. coli isolates showed a resistance rate of 63.33%, 23.33% and 30.03% to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, respectively. Mutations were found at 83rd and 87th amino acid position of gyrA gene, and at 80th and 108th amino acid position of parCgene in our study isolates. Among these five isolates, one had a single mutation at 83 amino acid position of gyrA with reduced susceptibility (0.5 μg/ml) to ciprofloxacin. Then, in remaining four isolates, three isolates showed triple mutation (at gyrA: S83gL and D87gNat parC: S80gI) and the fifth isolate showed an additional mutation at codon 108 of parC (A108gT) with the increased ciprofloxacin MIC of 16-128 μg/ml. The most common mutation noticed were at S83gL and D87gN of gyrA and S80gI of ParC.
Conclusion: The study confirms the presence of mutation/s responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance in QRDR of gyrA and parC genes of E. coli isolates of animal origin, and there is increased rate of fluoroquinolone resistance with high-level of MIC. The mutations observed in this study were similar to that of human isolates.
Keywords: Escherichia coli, fluoroquinolones, gyrAparC, quinolone resistance determining region.

Monday 4 July 2016

Effectiveness of a recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone on the ovarian follicles, peripheral progesterone, estradiol-17β, and pregnancy rate of dairy cows

Research (Published online: 05-07-2016)
4. Effectiveness of a recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone on the ovarian follicles, peripheral progesterone, estradiol-17β, and pregnancy rate of dairy cows - Mohamed Ali and Moustafa M. Zeitoun
Veterinary World, 9(7): 699-704


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.699-704



Aims: This study aimed at elucidating the effects of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (r-hFSH) on the ovarian follicular dynamics, progesterone, estradiol-17β profiles, and pregnancy of dairy cows.
Materials and Methods: Three groups (G, n=5 cows) of multiparous dairy cows were used. G1 (C) control cows were given controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and prostaglandin F2α; G2 (L) cows were given low dose (525 IU and G3 (H) cows were given high dose (1800 IU) of r-hFSH on twice daily basis at the last 3 days before CIDR removal. All cows were ultrasonically scanned for follicular growth and dynamics, and blood samples were collected every other day for two consecutive estrus cycles for the determination of estradiol-17β and progesterone.
Results: Estrus was observed in all C and L but not in H cows. Dominant follicle was bigger in L compared to C and H cows. Dominant follicle in C (16.00±2.5 mm) and L cows (17.40±2.3 mm) disappeared at 72 h after CIDR removal. However, in H cows, no ovulation has occurred during 7 days post-CIDR removal. Progesterone was not different (p>0.10) among groups, whereas estradiol-17β revealed significant (p<0.01) reduction in H (15.96±2.5 pg/ml) cows compared to C (112.26±26.1 pg/ml) and L (97.49±15.9 pg/ml) cows. Pregnancy rate was higher in L cows (60%) compared with C cows (20%). However, H cows were not artificially inseminated due to non-ovulation. Only a cow of C group has calved one calf, however, 2 of the L cows gave birth of twins and a cow gave single calf.
Conclusion: Administration of a low dose (525 IU) of r-hFSH resulted in an optimal size of dominant follicle, normal values of progesterone and estradiol-17β, and 40% twinning rate, howeverusing 1800 IU of r-hFSH, have adverse effects on ovarian follicular dynamics and hormonal profiles with non-pregnancy of dairy cows raised under hot climate.

Keywords: dairy cows, estradiol-17β, follicles, progesterone, recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone.

Diagnosis of pathological conditions of kidney by two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasonographic imaging in dogs

Research (Published online: 04-07-2016)
3. Diagnosis of pathological conditions of kidney by two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasonographic imaging in dogs - Dinesh Dehmiwal, S. M. Behl, Prem Singh, Rishi Tayal, Madan Pal and R. K. Chandolia
Veterinary World, 9(7): 693-698



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.693-698



Aim: The objective of the study was to obtain and compare two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonographic images of the kidney in different disease conditions.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 11 clinical cases of different age groups of dogs suffering from kidney diseases were diagnosed by 2D and 3D ultrasonography at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar. The ultrasound (US) machine used for this study was 3D US machine (Nemio-XG: Toshiba, Japan) having four-dimensional (4D) volumetric probe. The images were acquired with 3-6 MHz 2D curvilinear transducer and 4.2-6 MHz 4D volumetric curvilinear transducer.
Results: Nephritis was diagnosed in four dogs aged between 5 months and 6 years. In all the cases of nephritis diffuse increase in echogenicity of kidney, parenchyma was observed. Two dogs with end-stage kidney disease were also diagnosed. In both 2D and 3D ultrasonography, the kidney size was decreased and architectural details were also lost in them. The cases of regional renal diseases diagnosed were hydronephrosis and nephrolithiasis. Dilated renal pelvis was the common finding in all the three cases of hydronephrosis in both 2D and 3D ultrasonogram. Nephroliths were observed in one case with the history of hematuria and oliguria. The multifocal renal disease diagnosed in this study was dysplastic polycystic kidney. In 2D ultrasonogram, six anechoic cavities appeared with thin strip of renal parenchyma. In 3D ultrasonogram, the cysts appeared as black anechoic areas.
Conclusion: The result of the current study showed that the clinical conditions of kidney such as nephritis, end-stage kidney, hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney, and nephrolithiasis can be diagnosed easily using 2D and 3D ultrasonography. Visualization of renal structures was clear in 2D ultrasonography in the conditions of nephritis and end-stage kidney. However, the conditions such as hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney, and nephrolithiasis were visualized clearly in both 2D and 3D ultrasonography equally.
Keywords: hydronephrosis, hyperechoic, hypoechoic, nephritis, ultrasonography.

Friday 1 July 2016

Evaluation of edible polymer coatings enriched with green tea extract on quality of chicken nuggets

Research (Published online: 02-07-2016)
2. Evaluation of edible polymer coatings enriched with green tea extract on quality of chicken nuggets - Prathyusha Kristam, Naga Mallika Eswarapragada, Eswara Rao Bandi and Srinivas Rao Tumati
Veterinary World, 9(7): 685-692



   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.685-692



Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of chicken nuggets coated with sodium alginate (SA) coatings at refrigerated (4±1°C) and frozen (−18±1°C) storage condition at regular periodic intervals.
Materials and Methods: Chicken meat nuggets were separated into three groups: Uncoated control (C), coated with alginate coating (T1), and coated with alginate coating incorporated with 1% green tea extract (GTE) (T2). The nuggets were analyzed at regular intervals of 5days for refrigerated storage and 15 days for frozen storage period in terms of pH, 2-thiobarbituric acid value (TBA), peroxide value (PV), total plate count (TPC), water loss, and sensory characteristics.
Results: The results indicated that the nuggets coated with alginate-based coatings effectively reduced the spoilage as indicated by pH, TBA, and PVs. pH values of the formulations ranged from 6.15 to 6.34 at refrigerated storage temperature (4±1°C) and 6.49-6.71 at frozen storage temperature (−18±1°C). TBA value of the treatments ranged from 1.28 to 1.54 mg MDA/kg and 1.34 to 1.50 mg MDA/kg under refrigerated and frozen storage temperatures, respectively. Color, flavor, juiciness, tenderness, and overall acceptability of the nuggets differed significantly (p<0.05) with the coated nuggets. The coated nuggets were well acceptable upto 15 days at refrigerated storage temperature (4±1°C) and upto 75 days at frozen storage temperature (−18±1°C). Nuggets coated with GTE incorporated coating solution had a lower TBA-reactive substances values, PVs, and TPCs when compared to the nuggets coated with SA and the control group.
Conclusion: Study revealed that incorporation of edible coatings with antioxidants, namely, GTE at 1% level had a significant effect in reducing the fat oxidation. The samples recorded a shelf life of 15 days under refrigerated storage when compared to their controls with 10 days of storage period and 75 days under frozen storage against controls with 60 days. T1, T2, and T3 formulations had higher sensory scores in comparison to the controls. Overall acceptability scores of T1 were higher when compared to the other formulations.
Keywords: chicken nuggets, edible coatings, green tea extract, sodium alginate.